目前大家應(yīng)該是對(duì)古代食盒（古人的“便當(dāng)盒”）比較感興趣的，所以今天好房網(wǎng)小編CC就來為大家整理了一些關(guān)于古代食盒（古人的“便當(dāng)盒”）方面的相關(guān)知識(shí)來分享給大家，希望大家會(huì)喜歡哦。

古代食盒（古人的“便當(dāng)盒”）

“便當(dāng)”一詞起源于中國南宋時(shí)期的俗語，意思就是方便、便利?！氨惝?dāng)”一詞傳入日本后，也曾寫作“便道” “弁道”，最后采用了表示“準(zhǔn)備”意思的和制漢字“弁”作為“便當(dāng)盒”之意來使用。

Nowadays, many regular office workers prepare "bento box" lunch for themselves during workdays in China. The word "bento" originated from a Chinese word "便當(dāng)(Biandang)" circulating during the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)—meaning convenience, and later spread to Japan.

而鮮為人知的是，至遲在距今兩千多年前的戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期，中國人就已經(jīng)用上了“便當(dāng)盒”。

In fact, ancient Chinese started to use some sort of "bento boxes" in no later than the Warring States Period, over 2,000 years ago.

戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期青銅器掐銀絲瑞獸雙耳三足食盒 Bronze tripodic food box ornamented with silver inlay and auspicious beast pattern, Warring States Period

古時(shí)候的“便當(dāng)盒”，就是“食盒”，是盛裝食物用的竹木結(jié)構(gòu)器具，有底有蓋，且內(nèi)部最少有一層以上。

翻閱歷史文獻(xiàn)，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)歷史上食盒的名稱不拘于一，包括樏（léi）、簞、笥（sì）、攢盒、槅（gé）等。雖然叫法不同，但從功能看，均屬于食盒的范疇。

Ancient food boxes were given assorted names in history but served similar functions.

到了明清時(shí)代，“食盒”這個(gè)詞開始被廣泛應(yīng)用，不少文學(xué)作品當(dāng)中對(duì)之都有相關(guān)記載。

In the olden days, "bento boxes" were food boxes bolstered by bamboo and wood from inside with a lid and a bottom. They were mentioned in several Chinese literary works, such as the classic Chinese novelJin Ping Mei(The Plum in the Golden Vase) andRulin waishi(The Unofficial History of the Scholars), written in the Ming and Qing dynasties respectively.

比如明代長(zhǎng)篇白話世情小說《金瓶梅》第十四回：“西門慶聽言大喜，即令來旺兒、玳安兒、來興、平安四個(gè)小廝，兩架食盒，把三千兩金銀先抬來家”；又如清代吳敬梓創(chuàng)作的長(zhǎng)篇小說《儒林外史》第一回：“正存想間，只見遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的一個(gè)夯漢，挑了一擔(dān)食盒來”。

漢代彩繪食盒 Richly-colored food box, Han Dynasty

食盒的流行，和古代的“外賣”行業(yè)密切相關(guān)。

早在漢代，跟今天頗為相似的“外賣“行業(yè)便已誕生，不少社會(huì)名流都是“外賣”愛好者，而酒肆飯店用于運(yùn)送熟食的器皿，便是食盒。

In as early as the Han Dynasty, the boom of takeaway service widely promoted the use of food containers by taverns and restaurants.

盒體的長(zhǎng)寬大小不一，大者可達(dá)半人高，須由兩人肩抬方能移動(dòng)；小者如甌（盆盂類瓦器），由一人捧著即可。

Sizes of ancient "bento boxes" varied. The bigger ones could be half tall as a man and took two people to carry, while the smaller ones could be readily held by just one person.

根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)記載，唐宋時(shí)期食盒已得到廣泛使用，在南宋畫作《春游晚歸圖》（佚名）中，一個(gè)人物就挑著兩層屜格的方形食盒，此畫作甚是珍貴。

During the Tang and Song dynasties, food containers like today's food boxes were widely used, as depicted in one of the famous paintings in the Southern Song Dynasty displayed below.

南宋《春游晚歸圖》中的食盒 Men carrying food box were depicted in an ancient painting in the Southern Song Dynasty.

因?yàn)槭澈谐３休d著精美昂貴的食物，所以其制作工藝多為上乘。古代食盒有木、竹、琺瑯等材質(zhì)，其中又以木質(zhì)居多，尤其是紫檀、黃花梨、雞翅木、酸枝等紋理細(xì)密、色澤光潤(rùn)的硬木，堅(jiān)固而有韌性，制成的食盒耐磕碰，又具有一定的重量，在挑、提的時(shí)候食物不易晃蕩。

Usually, craftsmen would use exquisite materials to make boxes for delicate food, such as wood, bamboo and enamel, among which wood was mostly used, especially red sandalwood, Chinese rosewood, wenge, and santos rose wood. They were close-grained, bright-colored, and cast-iron enough to make good food boxes, and didn't weigh too much for one to shoulder or carry without waggle.

古代食盒的規(guī)制很多，按照使用方式大致可以分成提盒、捧盒、攢盒三種。

Ancient "bento boxes" could be roughly divided into three kinds: food boxes with handle, food boxes for holding and multi-grid food boxes.

清雍正五彩龍鳳瑞獸纏枝食盒 Five-colored food box inlaid with patterns of a dragon and a phoenix as well as auspicious beasts, during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty

提盒是古代送外賣時(shí)最常用的食盒，它有著對(duì)稱的提梁托著盒子，雖然體型較大，但材質(zhì)較輕，一只手就可以拎著帶走。

The first kind was the most common one. With relatively larger size, the containers had symmetrical hoop handles and a light weight, so people could carry them with one hand only while walking.

提盒出現(xiàn)得較早，最初的提盒不過兩根提梁，加幾層格子，材質(zhì)不是白木涂漆，就是竹編而成，都比較粗糙。直到宋代，一些文人對(duì)提盒產(chǎn)生了興趣，也參與設(shè)計(jì)，于是提盒便成了一種透著文雅之氣的廚房用具。

Food boxes with handle were coarse at first, until some literati participated in their design and changed them into "elegant" kitchen utensils in the Song Dynasty.

清代黃花梨提盒 Handled food box made of Chinese rosewood, Qing Dynasty

時(shí)至明清，提盒材質(zhì)變得更加多樣，甚至出現(xiàn)了雕漆或百寶嵌裝飾。一些工藝價(jià)值極高的提盒已不用作盛放食物，而是作為貯藏玉石印章、小件文玩之具了。

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, food boxes with handles took on more styles, some decorated with carved lacquerware or inlaid with a variety of processed semi-precious materials. Some high-value boxes even became containers of jade and small articles for amusement rather than food.

明崇禎竹篾髹（xiū）漆描金三撞八棱形食盒 Gilt octagonal food box made of bamboo, during the reign of Emperor Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty

清代粉彩百子圖食盒 Famille rose food box decorated with baizitu, a traditional painting theme featuring the images of lots of children, Qing Dynasty

清代是食盒發(fā)展史上的高峰，這一時(shí)期還盛行一種捧盒。捧盒，顧名思義，就是捧著使用的，其造型有扁圓形、方形、鐘形、六角形、八角形、桃形、荷葉形、牡丹形等，這些形狀便于捧持，且具有一定的禮儀功能。

Besides those with handles, food boxes for holding also became prevalent in the Qing Dynasty. In multifarious shapes, like square, hexagon, octagon, lotus leaf and peach, they were easy to hold and served a part of some sort of social etiquette.

清代象牙雕人物玲瓏提食盒 Carved ivory food box with figures, Qing Dynasty

捧盒的材質(zhì)多為瓷、漆、木，偶有琺瑯和金屬，這些材料隔熱、保溫效果好，又因?yàn)橹谱鞴に囂厥?，所以不?huì)特別沉。

Most of these boxes were made of porcelain, lacquer, wood, occasionally enamel or metal, for thermal insulation and heat preservation purposes. They were not that heavy thanks to the peculiar workmanship.

清乾隆大漆嵌螺鈿三層食盒 Three-layer lacquer food box with mother-of-pearl inlay, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty

清代皇帝過壽，臣子獻(xiàn)禮必須以捧盒呈送，顯得十分莊重；而帝王嘉獎(jiǎng)內(nèi)侍小食，也是用捧盒盛出賜予，顯得非常私密。但皇帝賞賜捧盒也未必都是好事，據(jù)民間傳言，如果臣子發(fā)現(xiàn)皇帝給的食盒是空的，那就意味著“祿盡命絕”，只得自行了斷了，跟今天影視劇中的“領(lǐng)便當(dāng)”有異曲同工之處。

宮廷之外，清代官宦人家上菜，餐具外還要套上捧盒，這樣既避免食物太燙導(dǎo)致端拿不便，又能保溫和防止落塵。

In the Qing Dynasty, ministers and imperial kinsmen presented food boxes containing gifts to emperors on their birthdays. A food box was also used when emperors rewarded servants with snacks. But an empty box from the emperor might hint bad luck, as it meant termination of one's official career as well as an order to end one's life, according to some hearsay. In officials' mansions, when dinner was served, food boxes were also used as a dust-proof "outerwear" to keep the food warm and avoid scalds.

清光緒藕荷地粉彩花卉紋捧盒 Famille rose food box for holding, with patterns of pale pinkish purple flowers, during the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty

與提盒、捧盒相比，攢盒就顯得比較“隨意”了。它的材質(zhì)以紙?zhí)ァ⒛咎テ岷袨橹?，特點(diǎn)是輕便，保溫效果不是很突出，所以多用于裝冷食。

Multi-grid food boxes, on the other hand, were not that intricate albeit with elaborate design. They were light with little effect of heat preservation, making them proper containers for cold food.

攢盒的“攢”字為“聚攏”之意，其內(nèi)部分成許多小格子，一般是中間一格，周圍再分成多格，每個(gè)格子中都有一個(gè)小盒子，十分精巧。

清代紅漆描金福壽紋桃式攢盒 Gilt multi-grid peach-shaped food box, Qing Dynasty

現(xiàn)存食盒多為明清文物，其中明代食盒古樸典雅，更符合傳統(tǒng)文人審美情趣。

Most of the existing ancient food boxes were from the Ming and Qing dynasties. And those produced in the Ming Dynasty, in particular, were more consistent with the aesthetic values of traditional literati with their simple yet elegant appearances.

明代黑漆嵌骨三屜食盒 Three-layer black-painted food box inlaid with animal bone, Ming Dynasty

與明代食盒不同，清中期宮廷食盒以奢華昂貴著稱，例如下圖中這件清象牙鏤雕提食盒。

該提盒分四層格子，可置放不同的食物。其雕工十分精細(xì)，主體部分用鏤空精雕的象牙片，嵌于框格中，如絲毯一般。象牙片上還雕有人物、鳥、獸、庭園景物和船，蓋鈕、盒身框架及提手，都染有或淡藍(lán)或紅色作為點(diǎn)綴。

In the mid-Qing Dynasty, food containers in the imperial court were famous for their extravagance and luxury. A case in point is the carved ivory food box with handle from the Qing Dynasty presented below. The four-layer box mainly consisted of hollowly-carved ivory pieces inscribed with patterns of figures, birds, beasts, garden scenery and boats, and even its button knob, shell frame and handle had embellishments in light blue or red.

清代象牙雕四層透花提食盒，臺(tái)北故宮博物院藏 Ivory-carved four-layer food box, with handle, Qing Dynasty, housed in Taipei Palace Museum

古代食盒歷經(jīng)千百年的發(fā)展演變，

如今依然具有生命力。

許多飯盒、禮盒在設(shè)計(jì)制作上，

繼承了古代食盒的特點(diǎn)，

使得這一傳統(tǒng)工藝得以延續(xù)。

Through ages of evolution, ancient food boxes are now still favored by many people. Their design and production process have been developed and applied to gift boxes today, giving the traditional craftsmanship another opportunity to shine.

Author:Liuliu

Editor:Yuan

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